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RICHARD GRAY 411 whereas Charles, faced with Lutheranism, had at one time foreseen himself as presiding over attempts at accommodation, Philip was always convinced that the defence of Catholicism depended primarily on his own contro! of Spanish power. Even before he had heard of the uprising in the Netherlands, he had instructed his ambassador in Rome to reassure Pius V that he clid not intend, nor was he 1,villing, "to be a lord of heretics" 14 • Philip was convinced that if he was to defend the Church effectively, the rights of the crown had to be pre– served. When therefore he learnt that the pope wished to send someone to Spanish America ''who would depend directly on the Holy See and have the authority of a nundo", he took steps to sttengthen royal contro! over ecclesias– tica} affairs in the Americas, and he infonned the papal nundo in Madrid that he had sent new officials there with instructions which he was confident would redound to God's service 15 • One of these officials, Francisco da Toledo, a dose friend ofBorgia, was appointed Viceroy of Peru, and by 1570 there were forty Jesuits in Lima 16 • Philip's action greatly strengthened the work of the religious Orders in Spanish America, but effectively it blocked any immediate develop– ment of the curia! congregation in Rome. The intervention of the Jesuits had failed to create in Rome a permanent instrument for the contro! and guidance of all Catholic rnissions. Yet despite the brief existence of Pius V's congregation, its memory was kept alive in the papal curia, notably by Antonio Santori, who in 1570, aged thirty-eight, was created a cardinal by Pius. Santori was entrusted by Gregory XIII in 1573 with the refonn of the Greek-rite Catholics in Italy, and subsequently he expanded his activities to become Protector of the Orient, particularly concerned with in– creasing Rome's influence among Christian communities living under Ottoman rule and beyond. In 1584 Gregory sent Giambattista Vecchietti, a clistinguished Orienta! linguist, to Egypt and Persia to strengthen these contacts. Simultane– ously he despatched Giovanni Battista Britti to Ethiopia via Goa, charged with attempting to persuade the Ethiopian king to make a forma! act of obeclience to the see of St. Peter. Like Vecchietti, Britti was a layman, one of the papal 14 Philip II to Requesens, 12. VIII. 1566 quoted in K. M. Setton, The Papaçy and the Le– vant, N, Philadelphia 1984, 910. 15 L. Serrano, Com.rpondenda dip!omdtka entre Epa,ia y la Santa Sede d11rante elpontificado de S. pf o V, Madrid 914, II, 350s, 390, and III, 42. See also, for the part played by t:he Francis– can friar, Alonso Maldonado de Buenc:lia, and his contacts with Cardinal Crivelli: M. Monica, La gran controversia delsiglo XVI acerca del don11i1io epaiiol enAmérica, Madrid 1952, 159-163. 16 P. Suau, Hùtoire de S. Françoù tk Bor,?ja, Paris 1910, 425.